THE Government of Canada had full knowledge of what was going on at Charlottetown, and they considered the time opportune for the purpose of bringing to the notice of the delegates from the Maritime Provinces, the subject of a Confederation of all the British North American colonies. A telegram was received while the delegates were in session, announcing that representatives of the Government of Canada had left Quebec for the purpose of meeting the delegates of the Maritime Provinces, and placing certain proposals before them, and on the receipt of this message the further consideration of the question, which they had met to discuss, was deferred until after the Canadian delegates had arrived. They came in the Government steamer " Victoria " on the day following the receipt of the telegram announcing their departure,, and were found to embrace the leading men then in Canadian public life, the Hons. J. A. Macdonald, George Brown, George E. Cartier, Alex. T. Gait, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Hector L. Langevin, William MacDougall and Alex. Campbell. Those delegates represented the Reform as well as the Conservative party, and were therefore able to speak with authority, with regard to the views of the people of both Upper and Lower Canada.

They were accorded seats in the convention, and at once submitted their reasons why, in their opinion, a scheme of union, embracing the whole of the British North American colonies, should be adopted. The Hon. John A. Macdonald and Messrs. Brown and Cartier were heard on this subject; the financial position of Canada was explained, and the sources of revenue and wealth of the several Provinces, were discussed. Speeches were also made by Messrs. Gait, McGee, Langevin, and MacDougall, and, after having commanded the attention of the convention for two days, the Canadian deputation withdrew. Before doing so, they had proposed that if the convention concluded to suspend its deliberations upon the question of Maritime Union, they should adjourn to Quebec at an early day, to be named by the Governor General, to consider the question of Confederation. On the following day the convention adjourned upon the ground, that it would be more for the general interest of British North America, to adopt the larger union than a mere union of the Maritime Provinces, and it was thought that this might be effected without any very great difficulty, for there was then no strong feeling evinced in any quarter against Confederation.

From Charlottetown the members of the convention and the Canadian deputation went to Halifax, where they were received most cordially and entertained at a banquet at the Halifax Hotel. They then took their departure for St. John, where they were entertained at a public dinner at which many leading men of the city were present. The chair was occupied by the Hon. John H. Gray, one of the delegates, and the expressions in favor of the proposed confederation were strong and hearty. No one could have suspected at that time, that the movement for Confederation would meet with so much opposition in New Brunswick. All seemed plain sailing, but, as the result showed, the battle for Confederation had yet to be fought and it was only won after a long and doubtful struggle.

According to arrangement the delegations from the provinces met in convention at Quebec, on the 10th of October ; all the colonies, including Newfoundland, were represented, and the delegates from New Brunswick were : —

Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, Provincial Secretary, M. P. P., Hon. John M. Johnson, Attorney General, M. P. P., Hon. Edward B. Chandler, M. L. C., Hon. John Hamilton Gray, M. P. P., Hon. Peter Mitchell, M. L. C., Hon. Chas. Fisher, M. P. P., Hon. William H. Steeves, M. L. C.

Sir Etienne P. Tache, who was then Premier of Canada, was unanimously chosen President of the conference, and Major Hewitt Bernard, of the staff of the Attorney General West, Private and Confidential Secretary. It was arranged that the convention should hold its meetings with closed doors, and it was laid down as a principle of the discussion, that as the matters to come up for debate, were all of a novel character, no man should be prejudiced or held liable to the charge of inconsistency, because he had changed his views in regard to any particular matter in the course of the discussion. It was. also agreed that the vote, in case of a division, should he by provinces and not by members, Canada having two votes, representing Canada East and Canada West, and each of the other provinces one. This arrangement made it quite certain that the interests of the Maritime Provinces were not likely to be prejudiced by the result of the vote or the work of the convention It was soon decided that a federal union was to be preferred to a Legislative union, and on the second day of the meeting, the outlines of the proposed Confederation were submitted in a series of resolutions by the Honorable J. A. Macdonald. The general model of the proposed Confederation, was that of the United States, but with this difference, that whereas, in the United States all powers, not expressly given by the constitution to the Federal Government, are held to belong to the several States, in the Canadian constitution, all powers not expressly reserved to the several provinces, are held to belong to the Federal Parliament. Thus in the United States, the residuum of power is in the several States, while in Canada it is in the Federal union, and in the Parliament of the Dominion. No doubt the recent example of the civil war in the United States, which was the result of an extreme assertion of State rights, was largely responsible for this feature of the Canadian constitution. It is clear, however, that it is a feature that is to be commended, because its tendency is to cause Canadians, to regard themselves rather as Canadians than as belonging to any particular Province, while, in the United States, the feeling of statehood is still very strong as has been shown by recent events in that country. There are, of course, many other contrasts between the Canadian Confederation and the Federal union of the United States, arising from radical differences in the system of Government. Nothing like Responsible Government, as understood in the British Empire, exists in the United States, while this essential feature had to be preserved in the Canadian constitution, not only with reference to the Dominion Parliament, but also in the Legislatures of the several Provinces. It is quite safe to assert that viewing the Confederation in all its aspects, it is a much more efficient and satisfactory form of Government than that which exists in the United States, and that our Provincial Governments are superior in every respect, to the State Governments of that country.

One great difficulty in discussing the terms of a union was with respect to the amount of money to be given by the Federal Government to the several Provinces for legislative purposes, in lieu of the revenue which they had been accustomed to obtain from customs duties and otherwise. The whole Customs establishment was to be transferred to the central Government, and as most of the Provinces would have no other means of obtaining a revenue except by direct taxation, this feature of the matter became of very vital importance. The difficulty was increased by the fact that, by the municipal system then prevailing in Upper Canada, the local needs of the municipalities, in the way of roads, bridges, schools and other matters, were provided for by local taxation, whereas in the Maritime Provinces, the Provincial Government had been accustomed to bear these burdens. It was therefore an essential requisite to any scheme of union, to make it acceptable to the people of the Maritime Provinces, that sufficient money should be given to the Provincial Governments to enable them to continue these services as before. It was difficult to convince the representatives of Upper Canada of this, and it appears that the conference came near breaking up without arriving at any result, simply because of the apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion between the representatives of the Maritime Provinces and those of Canada, in regard to this point. Finally these differences were overcome, and the conclusions of the conference were embodied in a series of seventy-two resolutions, which were agreed to, and which were to be authenticated by the signatures of the delegates, and to be transmitted to their respective Governments, and also to the Governor General, for the Secretary of State for the colonies. These resolutions formed the first basis of Confederation, and became what is known as the Quebec scheme.

It was perhaps inevitable, that during the discussion of the scheme of Confederation by the Quebec convention, the proceedings should be secret, but this restriction as to secrecy should have been removed as soon as the convention adjourned. That this was not done was the principal reason for the very unfavorable reception which the Quebec scheme met with from the people of New Brunswick, when it was placed before them. It was agreed at the Quebec conference that the scheme should not be made public until after the delegates had reported to their respective Governments for their approval, but it was impossible that a document, the terms of which were known to so many men, should be kept wholly concealed from the public, and so the details of the scheme leaked out, and soon became a topic for public discussion. These discussions would have been conducted in a much more friendly spirit if the Quebec scheme had been given freely to the world, but as it was, prejudices and jealousies in many cases darkened the question, and made men, who were otherwise friendly to Confederation, assume an attitude of hostility to the Quebec scheme.

One of the points which at once attracted the attention of the opponents of the scheme, was the sums allowed to the several provinces for the purpose of conducting their local affairs. As the provinces had to surrender to the general Government their right to levy customs and exercise duties, it became necessary to make up in some way a sum sufficient to enable them to carry on these services which were still left to the Provincial Legislatures. It was arranged that this sum should be eighty cents a head of the population of the provinces, as established by the census of 1861, which would give to the Province of New Brunswick something more than $200,000. This feature of the Confederation scheme was eagerly seized upon as being a convenient club with which to strike it down. The cry was at once raised that the people of New Brunswick were asked to sell themselves to Canada for the sum of eighty cents a head, and this parrot-like cry was repeated with variations, throughout the whole of the election campaign which followed in New Brunswick. It has often been found that a cry of this kind, which is absolutely meaningless when reduced to reason, is more effective than the most weighty arguments, for the purpose of influencing men's minds, and this proved to be the case in New Brunswick, when the question of Confederation was placed before the people. It was conveniently forgotten by those who attacked the scheme in this fashion, that if the people of New Brunswick were selling themselves to Canada for the sum of eighty cents a head, the people of Canada were likewise selling themselves to us for the same sum, because the amount set apart for the Provincial Legislatures was precisely the same in each case. It would not, however, have suited the enemies of the Confederation scheme to view the matter in this light: what was wanted was a cry which would be effective for the purpose of injuring the scheme, and making it distasteful to our people who were asked to vote upon it. It is not necessary to assume that those who opposed Confederation were all influenced by sinister motives. Many honest and good men, whose attachment to British institutions could not be questioned, were opposed to it, because their minds were of a conservative turn, and because they looked with distrust upon such a radical change which would alter the relations which existed between the Province and the Mother Country. Many, for reasons which it is not easy to understand, were distrustful of the politicians of Canada, whom they looked upon as of less sterling honesty than our own, and some actually professed to believe that the Canadians expected to make up their financial deficits by drawing on the many resources of the Maritime Provinces through the Confederation scheme. On the other hand Confederation was opposed in the Province of New Brunswick by a number of men who could only be described as adventurers or discredited politicians, and who saw in this contest, a convenient way of restoring themselves to influence and power. There were also among the opponents of the scheme some men who recognized in its success the means of perpetuating British power on this continent, and who being annexationists, naturally looked with aversion upon it for that reason. The vast majority of the people, however, had given the matter but the slightest degree of attention, and their votes were cast in accordance with prejudices hastily formed, which they had an opportunity of reconsidering before another year and a half had elapsed.

It had been arranged at the Convention, that the first trial of the scheme before the people should be made in the Province of New Brunswick, the Legislature of which was about expiring, and accordingly, the appeal was made to the people, and the elections came on in the month of March, 1865. The enemies of Confederation were very active in every part of the Province, and they left no stone unturned to defeat the measure. The great cry upon which they based their opposition ..to the union with Canada was that of taxation, and, as the voters of New Brunswick were not inclined to favor any policy which involved high taxation, the appeals made in this way had a powerful effect.

All through the rural constituencies the opposition candidates told the electors, that if they united themselves with Canada direct taxation would he the immediate result; that every cow, every horse, and every sheep which they owned would be taxed, and that even their poultry would not escape the grasp of the Canadian tax-gatherers. In the city of St. John, Mr. Tilley and his colleague, Mr. Charles Watters, were opposed by Mr. J. V. Troop and Mr. A. R. Wetmore. Mr. Troop was a wealthy shipowner, whose large means made him an acceptable addition to the strength of the anti-confederate party, although previously he had taken no active part in political affairs. Mr. Wetmore was a lawyer of standing in St. John, who was considered to be one of the best nisi prius advocates at the bar, and who carried the methods of the bar largely into his politics. Mr. Wetmore never pretended to have any political principles, or or any views whatever of a fixed character in regard to Confederation, or any other political subject. Indeed it was his boast on a later occasion, that, as he had been on both sides of the Confederation question he had the assurance that he was at least right once. He rushed into the contest for the purpose of bettering his own fortunes, and he succeeded in doing so by becoming in the course of time, Attorney General of the Province, and later on a judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Wetmore when haranguing St. John audiences, used to depict the dreadful effects of Confederation in a manner peculiarly his own. His great plea was an imaginary dialogue between himself and his little son, that precocious infant asking him in lisping tones, "Father what country do we live in?" to which he would reply, "My dear son you have no country, for Mr. Tilley has sold us all to the Canadians for eighty cents a head."

In the county of St. John, the Honorable John H. Gray, Charles N. Skinner. W. H. Scovil and Mr. Quinton, who ran as supporters of Confederation, were opposed by John W. Cudlip, T. W. Anglin, the Honorable R. D. Wilmot and Joseph Coram. Mr. Cudlip was a merchant, who at one time enjoyed much popularity in the city of St. John, but who was wholly unfit for political life. He was an impulsive man, easily carried away by his feelings, and after Confederation had become a fixed fact, he so far forgot himself as to become an open advocate of annexation to the United States. He enjoys the distinction of being the only member of our Legislature who has ever moved a resolution in that body in favor of annexation. Mr. Anglin was a clever Irishman, a native of the county of Cork, who had lived several years in St. John, and edited a newspaper called the "Freeman," which enjoyed a great popularity among his co-religionists. He was admitted to be the leader of the Irish Catholics of St. John, and had acquired an ascendancy over them which was not easily shaken. Yet he was not, as a politician, a great success, nor did his efforts to improve the condition of his countrymen always lead to satisfactory results. Tlie Honorable R. D. Wilmot had been a prominent Conservative politician, but was defeated and had retired to his farm at Belmont, and, for some years, had been devoting his abilities to the raising of calves and swine. But at the first note of alarm on the Confederation question, he abandoned his agricultural pursuits and rushed into the field to take part in the contest, which he thought might ensure to his political advantage. Mr. Joseph Coram was a leading Orangeman, a highly respected citizen, whose sole claim to distinction was that he had personated King William in an Orange procession, which had resulted in a riot some years before, and that his features were supposed to resemble those of the Prince, whose memory the Orange body has been created to honor.

In the county of York, the Hon. George L. Hatheway, who was then Chief Commissioner of the Board of Works, appeared in the field as an opposition candidate, in company with John C. Allen, John J. Fraser, and William H. Needham. Mr. Hatheway deserted the Government in its hour of need, apparently through mere cowardice, because, he judged from the cries that were raised against Confederation, that the current of public opinion was strongly adverse to the Quebec scheme. He thought that by deserting his colleagues he might retain his office in the new Government which was to be formed, and in this view he was correct, but the final result showed that he was as ready to desert his new allies as he had been those with whom he had before associated. He left Mr. Tilley in the lurch on the eve of the Confederation contest, and he deserted the Smith Government sixteen months later, when the second Confederation election came to be run, thereby inflicting upon them a blow from which it was impossible they could recover. Hatheway was nothing more than a loud-mouthed demagogue, with a large body and a small heart. William H. Needham, whose name has already appeared in this volume, did not pretend to have any political principles, but having been for some time retired to private life, the Confederation struggle gave him a good opportunity of getting into the Legislature. Needham was a man of very considerable ability, and had his principles been only equal to his knowledge and talents, he would have risen to the highest position in this Province. But his shifty course on many occasions made the public distrustful of him, and he died without having enjoyed any of these honors which men of far less ability, but of more political honesty, have obtained. John James Fraser, who became Governor of this Province, was a man of a different stamp, and seems to have been a sincere opponent of Confederation from conviction. The same may be said of John C. Allen, afterwards Chief Justice of this Province, a man whose sterling honesty has never been questioned.

The result of the election was the most overwhelming defeat that ever overtook any political party in the Province of New Brunswick. Out of forty-one members, the friends of Confederation only succeeded in returning six, Hon. John McMillan and Alexander C. DesBrisav, for the County of Restigouche; Abner R. McClellan and John Lewis, for the County of Albert; and William Lindsay and Charles Connell for the County of Carle ton. Every member of the Government who held a seat in the House of Assembly, with the exception of the Hon. John McMillan, the Surveyor General, was defeated. The majorities against the Confederation candidates in some of the counties were so large that it seemed hopeless to expect that any future election would reverse the verdict. Both the City and County of St. John, and the County of York, made a clean sweep and returned solid delegations of anti-confederates. With the exception of the two Carleton members, the entire block of counties on the river St. John and the County of Charlotte, forming the most populous and best settled part of the Province, declared against the Quebec scheme. On the North Shore, Westmorland, Kent, Northumberland and Gloucester, pronounced the same verdict, and on the day after the election, the strongest friends of Confederation must have felt, that nothing but a miracle could ever bring about a change in the opinion which had been pronounced with such emphasis and with such apparent unanimity. Yet fifteen months later, the verdict of March, 1865, was completely reversed, and the anti-confederates were beaten as badly as the advocates of Confederation had been in the first election; such are the mutations of public opinion.

Mr. Tilley and his colleagues resigned immediately after the result of the elections, and the Hon. Albert J. Smith was called upon to form a new Government. Mr. Smith had been Attorney General in Mr. Tilley's Government up to the year 1862, when he resigned, in consequence of a difference with his colleague in regard to the negotiations which were being carried on for the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. Mr. Smith was a fine speaker and a man of good ability, and at a later period, when Confederation had been established, became a Cabinet Minister in the Government of the Hon. Alex. MacKenzie. His powerful influence was largely responsible for the manner in which the North Shore counties declared against Confederation, and he also did much to discredit the Quebec scheme by his speeches delivered in the city of St. John. Mr. Smith did not take the office of Attorney General in the new Government, but contented himself with the position of President of the Council, Hon. John C. Allen of York, becoming Attorney General, and Hon. A. H. Gillmor of Charlotte, Provincial Secretary. The Hon. Bliss Botsford, of Westmorland, was made Surveyor General, the Hon. W. H. Odell, Postmaster General; and the Hon. George L. Hatheway retained his old office as the Chief Commissioner of the Board of Works. The other members of the Government were the Hon. Robert Duncan Wilmot of Sunbury, the Hon. T. W. Anglin of St. John, and the Hon. Richard Hutchinson of Miramichi. The new Government looked strong and imposing, and seemed to be secure against the assaults of its enemies, yet it was far from being as compact and powerful as it appeared to the outward observer. In the first place it had the demerit of being founded solely on a negative, and upon opposition to a single line of policy. The reason why these men were assembled together in Council as a Government, was that they were opposed to Confederation, and this question having been disposed of, left them free to differ upon all other points which might arise. Some of the men who thus found themselves sitting together at the same Council board, had all their lives been politically opposed to each other. The Hon. R. D. Wilmot, an old Conservative, could have little or no sympathy with Mr. A. H. Gillmor, a very strong Liberal. The Hon. A. J. Smith, also a Liberal, had little in common with his Attorney General, Mr. Allen, who was a Conservative. Mr. Odell, the-Postmaster General, represented the old Family Compact more thoroughly than any other man who could have been chosen to fill a public office in New Brunswick, for his father and grandfather had held the office of Provincial Secretary for the long term of sixty years. As he was a man of no particular capacity, and had no qualification for high office, and as he was moreover a member of the Legislative Council, his appointment to such a position was extremely distasteful to many who were strongly opposed to Confederation. The Hon. Bliss Botsford of Moncton, who became Surveyor General, was another individual who added no strength to the Government, being hopelessly dull by nature, and however honest in his intentions, wholly unable to outline or even follow intelligently any distinct line of policy. With four men in the Government who might be classed as Liberals, and five who might be properly described as Conservatives, room was left for many differences and quarrels over points of policy, after the great question of Confederation had been disposed of. Local feelings also, were awakened by the make up of the Government, for the North Shore people could not but feel that their interests had been grossly neglected, as instead of having the Attorney Generalship and the Surveyor Generalship, which had been theirs in the previous Government, they had to be content with a single member in the Government, without office, in the person of Mr. Richard Hutchinson, who as the representative of Gilmour, Rankin Co., was extremely unpopular, even in the county which had elected him. Hon.. Robert Duncan Wilmot was perhaps the most dissatisfied man of any, with the new cabinet in which he found himself. He had not been a fortnight in the Government before he began to realize the fact that his influence in it was quite overshadowed by that of Mr. Smith and Mr. Anglin, although neither of them held any office. Mr.. Wilmot was a man of ability, and of strong and resolute will, so that this condition of affairs became very distasteful to him and his friends, and led to consequences of a highly important character..

The new Government had not been long in existence before rumors of dissensions in its ranks became very common. Mr. Wilmot made no secret to his friends of his dissatisfaction, and it was also understood that other members found their positions equally unpleasant. An element of difficulty was early introduced by the resignation of the Chief Justice, Sir James Carter, who found it necessary, in consequence of failing health, to retire from the Bench. He resigned in September, 1865, and it immediately became requisite to fill his place. The Hon. Albert J. Smith, the leader of the Government, had he chosen, might have then taken the vacant position, but he did not desire to retire from political life at that time, and Hon. John C. Allen, his Attorney General, was appointed to the Bench as a puisne judge, while Hon. Robert Parker was made Chief Justice. The latter, however, had but a few weeks to enjoy his new position, dying in November of the same year, and leaving another vacancy on the Bench to be filled. Again as before, the Hon. Mr. Smith declined to go on the Bench, and the Hon. John W. Weldon, who had been a long time a member of former Legislatures, and was at one time Speaker, was appointed to the puisne judgeship, and the Hon. William J. Ritchie made Chief Justice. The entire fitness of the latter for the position of Chief Justice made his appointment a popular one, but he was the junior of the Hon. Lemuel A. Wilmot as a judge, and the Hon. R. D. Wilmot, who was a cousin of the latter, thought the senior judge should have received the appointment of Chief Justice. His disappointment at the office being given to another, caused a very bad feeling on his part towards the Government, and he would have resigned his seat forthwith, but for the persuasions of some of those who were not friends of the Government, who intimated to him that he could do them a great deal more damage by retaining his seat, and resigning at the proper time, than by abandoning the Government at that moment. Mr. Wilmot remained in the Government until January ? 1866, but, although of their number, his heart was estranged from them, and he may properly be regarded as an enemy in their camp.

Mr. Anglin also had differences with his colleagues with regard to railway matters, and he resigned his seat early in November, 1865 ; still he gave a general support to the Government although no longer in its Councils. But the most severe blow which the Government received, arose from the election in the County of York which followed the seating of the Hon. John C. Allan on the bench. The Confederation party had been so badly beaten in York at the general election, that no doubt was felt by the Government that any candidate they might select, would be chosen by a very large majority. The candidate selected to contest York by the Government, was Mr. John Pickard, a highly respectable gentleman, who was engaged in lumbering, and who was extremely popular in that County, in consequence of his friendly relations with all classes of the community and the amiability of his disposition. Mr. Pickard would have been an ideal candidate had he been a better speaker, but he never pretended to be an active politician, and therefore stood at a disadvantage as compared to some men of no better ability but of greater eloquence. The Hon. Charles Fisher, was brought forward by the Confederation party as their candidate for York, although the hope of defeating Mr. Pickard seemed to be desperate, for at the previous election, Mr. Fisher had only received 1,226 votes against 1,799 obtained by Mr. Needham, who stood lowest on the poll among the persons elected for York. Mr. Fisher's abilities have already been sufficiently referred to in this work, and it need only be said that by his conduct in the York campaign, which resulted in his election, he struck a blow at the anti-confederate Government from which it never recovered. His election was the first dawn of light and hope to the friends of Confederation in New Brunswick, for it showed clearly enough that whenever the people of this Province were given another opportunity of expressing their opinion on the question of Confederation, their verdict would be a very different one from that which they had given at the general election. Mr. Fisher beat Mr. Pickard by 710 votes, receiving 701 votes more than at the general election, while Mr. Pickard's vote fell 572 below that which Mr. Needham had received on the same occasion.